Want to stay updated on new skill explainers and resources? Subscribe to our newsletter.

All About Teaching Reading & Writing
Taxonomy
The Simple View of Reading

Word Recognition x Language Comprehension = Reading Comprehension

Assessment

The process of measuring students' progress and providing information to help guide instruction

Word Recognition

The ability to see a word and know how to pronounce it without consciously thinking about it

Phonological Awareness

A group of skills that enable you to recognize and manipulate parts of spoken words

Articulation

Syllables

Onset-Rime

Phonemic Awareness

Phonics

A method for teaching children the relationship between spoken sounds and written letters so they can learn to decode and encode

Sound-Letter Correspondence

Phonics Patterns

Common letter combinations found in words.

Short Vowels Skill Explainer
Closed Syllables Skill Explainer
Glued Sounds Skill Explainer
Open Syllables Skill Explainer
Spelling with 'c' vs. 'k' Skill Explainer
Consonant Digraphs Skill Explainer
Blends Skill Explainer
‘-ck’ Spelling Rule Skill Explainer
FLoSS(Z) Spelling Rule Skill Explainer
‘y’ as a Vowel Skill Explainer

Coming soon.

    Magic 'e' Skill Explainer
    Soft 'c' and Soft 'g' Skill Explainer

    Coming soon.

      R-Controlled Vowels Skill Explainer

      Coming soon.

        Vowel Teams and Dipthongs Skill Explainer

        Coming soon.

          '-tch' Spelling Rule Skill Explainer
          '-dge' Spelling Rule Skill Explainer
          Consonant '-le' Skill Explainer

          Coming soon.

            Schwa Skill Explainer

            Coming soon.

              Irregularly Spelled High-Frequency Words

              High-frequency words that have a part of their spelling that has to be memorized

              Irregularly Spelled High-Frequency Words

              Multisyllable Words

              Words that have more than one word part

              Prefixes

              How to add meaningful beginnings to words

              Suffixes

              How to add meaningful endings to words

              Language Comprehension

              The ability to understand the meaning of spoken words

              Reading Comprehension

              The ability to understand the meaning of printed text

              Text Considerations

              Characteristics of a text that impact the ease or difficulty of comprehension.

              Strategies and Activities

              How a reader approaches a specific text, depending on their purpose for reading

              Reader’s Skill and Knowledge

              The skills and knowledge a reader brings to the reading task that are necessary for comprehension

              Sociocultural Context

              Elements in a classroom that affect how well a child learns to read

              Fluency

              The ability to read accurately with automaticity and expression

              Fluency: Accuracy, then Automaticity

              Reading or decoding words correctly (accuracy) and reading at an appropriate rate (automaticity)

              Accuracy, then Automaticity Skill Explainer

              Coming soon.

                Fluency: Expressive Text Reading

                Reading characterized by accuracy with automaticity and expression

                Expressive Text Reading Skill Explainer

                Coming soon.

                  Writing

                  The act of putting thoughts into print using transcription and composition skills

                  (active)
                  Features of Structured Literacy

                  A systematic and explicit approach to teaching reading based on research

                  • Features of Structured Literacy

                  Empowered by Coaching: Mr. Venia's Journey as a Reading Teacher

                  Meet Max Venia, a second-grade teacher at Riverside Elementary School in Toledo, Ohio, who is learning how to teach reading using the structured literacy approach. Mr. Venia struggled with reading himself as a child and is determined to give his students the support he wishes he had received. With help from reading coach Carla Stanford, Mr. Venia is bringing science-backed strategies into his classroom. 

                  Video thumbnail for Empowered by Coaching: Mr. Venia's Journey as a Reading Teacher
                  Produced by Reading Universe, a partnership of WETA, Barksdale Reading Institute, and First Book
                  Hide Video Transcript Show Video Transcript

                  Max Venia: Today when we go over our vowels, we're going to give their short sound first.

                  Narrator: Meet Max Venia, a dedicated teacher at Riverside Elementary in Toledo, Ohio. He spent last year igniting a love for science in fourth and fifth graders. This school year brought a new challenge for Mr. Venia. He was asked to step up and fill a staffing gap in second grade. One of the most significant parts of teaching second grade is helping young students learn to read.

                  Max Venia: We're over here four, so just write it next to sloth. Okay.

                  Narrator: A task that requires patience, creativity, and instructional expertise. But Mr. Venia's personal experience with learning to read was one of struggle and anxiety.

                  Max Venia: Being a struggling reader, reading was nowhere near my favorite thing to do. It was a struggle and a fight to read as a kid. So I grew up with a ADHD and dyslexia. Reading was definitely not my strong suit growing up, and I definitely did not like it at all, to say the least.

                  Narrator: Even though reading was tough for him, Mr. Venia is determined to give his students the support he wishes he had growing up.

                  Max Venia: Teaching has shifted my view on reading a lot actually. I think when we grow up and we learn how to read, we forget all that goes into it and the rules and all those things, and then coming back as a teacher, you have to almost reteach yourself the rules again.

                  Narrator: By using evidence-based tools provided by Riverside and guidance. From reading Coach Carla Stanford, Mr. Vinia is bringing structured literacy strategies into his classroom

                  Max Venia: 'th'.

                  Narrator: Before diving into teaching, Mr. Venia and Ms. Stanford get together to review student work and create tailored lesson plans.

                  Max Venia: Which is all really interesting that they added the beginning and end of the word.

                  Carla Stanford: I agree. The beginning and the end, so we can work on some phonemic awareness, like tapping on that.

                  Narrator: They then team up in the classroom with Ms. Stanford offering support to Mr. Venia throughout.

                  Max Venia: Give me a thumbs up.

                  Okay. Second grade. So Ms. Carla came back to join us again today, so we are going to get to co-teach again for you guys today. The really cool thing is, is that I actually get to learn while you guys get to learn. When she handed over the deck to me, that was a little nerve wracking. It was kind of like finally her passing off the baton to me, so that was a little, I could feel like my heart was racing. I was like, oh man, here we go. This is all me now. Don't mess it up. Don't mess it up. Don't mess it up. That's all I kept repeating to myself in my head. So the steps through dictation of saying the word, the kids repeating it, then tapping it, then writing it, then correcting it. I kept forgetting, tapping it in my head, even though I tap with my kids all the time. For some reason there was just, that was like, so I remember looking to her for help, like, ah, and then her being like to tap 'em out. "Thick."

                  Students: Thick.

                  Max Venia: Okay, tap it out, tappers up.

                  Mr. Venia and students: /th/, /ĭ/, k/. Thick.

                  Narrator: After their teaching time together, Mr. Venia and Ms. Stanford review the student's progress and map out next steps.

                  Carla Stanford: And that's kind of the tricky part. Like you're doing it, you're listening, you're watching, you're making sounds, but ... and when kids make mistakes, you take that moment, and we did that and corrected it.

                  Max Venia: Our coaching sessions were really insightful because after our first lesson that we taught, we kind of debriefed down and saw where some students were struggling, so we completely changed the lesson for day two. It's just interesting how they did the same mistake on each word, so putting in what it looks like in 'L' and for math, and then path, they also put the 'L'. I feel like there's so much more that I need to learn as a teacher, and she has really opened the door into reading for me. To get more comfortable with these strategies and implementing them in my classroom is just going to be repetition.

                  Carla Stanford: If you always run the lesson the same way, then they're like, oh, I know what Mr. V is doing, so now I can use all my energy on thinking about the pattern he's teaching me.

                  Max Venia: Path.

                  Students: Path.

                  Mr. Venia and students: /p/, /ă/, /th/. Path.

                  Max Venia: Okay.

                  Carla Stanford: Right here, spell out loud with Mr. V.

                  Mr. Venia and students: 'P', 'a', 't', 'h'.

                  Carla Stanford: And read it back. Good.

                  Mr. Venia and students: Path.

                  Max Venia: There we go.

                  Carla Stanford: You did a great job.

                  Max Venia: Oh, thanks.

                  Carla Stanford: And they did a great job. The first one, you gave them a little more scaffolding, and on the second one you kind of backed off, and that's exactly what you should do through the week, through the words. You give them a lot of help as they need it, and then as they don't need it, you give them the opportunity to really do the heavy lifting.

                  Max Venia: So teaching reading is never going to be perfect, and no one has ever done it perfectly. There are so many different strategies and styles that go into it and different rules, but I can say that now with Carla's help and the strategies that she's given me to add to my toolkit, I can be a better teacher for my students in teaching reading.

                  Carla Stanford: You have modeled what we all need to be as teachers, as constant learners, so thank you for that.

                  Max Venia: Yeah, thank you for coming in.

                  Carla Stanford: Okay, now I'm going to give you my hug.

                  Narrator: Reading Universe is made possible by generous support from Jim and Donna Barksdale, the American Federation of Teachers, the Emily Hall Tremaine Foundation, and three anonymous donors. Special thanks to the Toledo Federation of Teachers, Riverside Elementary School, and Toledo Public Schools in Toledo, Ohio. If you enjoyed this video, please subscribe to our YouTube channel @RUTeaching. Reading Universe is a service of WETA, Washington D.C., the Barksdale Reading Institute, and First Book.

                  Max Venia: I'm Max Venia, and this is Reading Universe.

                  Carla Stanford's Story

                  Follow her journey from balanced literacy to the science of reading.

                  Carla Stanford remembers coming home from her first week of kindergarten and announcing to her parents that she was going to be a teacher. "And I was going to drive the bus, too," she says...

                  Teacher Carla Stanford standing at an easel in classroom with students.
                  Carla Stanford works with a group of students while coaching at La Verne Heights Elementary School in California. Photo by Ming Lai

                  Subscribe to our e-newsletter

                  We'll keep you posted as we add new resources, articles, and videos to support your classroom reading instruction.

                  Reading Universe is made possible by generous support from Jim & Donna Barksdale; the Hastings/Quillin Fund, an advised fund of the Silicon Valley Community Foundation (opens in new window); the AFT (opens in new window); the Emily Hall Tremaine Foundation (opens in new window); and three anonymous donors.